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Chicago, Illinois City of Chicago Downtown Chicago, the Chicago Theatre, the 'L', Navy Pier, Millennium Park, the Field Museum, and Willis Tower. Downtown Chicago, the Chicago Theatre, the 'L', Navy Pier, Millennium Park, the Field Museum, and Willis Tower. Flag of Chicago, Illinois Flag Official seal of Chicago, Illinois Nickname(s): Windy City, Chi-Town, Second City, City of Big Shoulders Body Chicago City Council Chicago (Listeni/ k o / or / k o /), officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most crowded city in the United States. The Chicago urbane area, often referred to as Chicagoland, has nearly 10 million citizens and is the third-largest in the U.S. Chicago has been called a global architecture capital. In terms of richness and economy, Chicago is considered one of the most meaningful company centers in the world. Chicago was incorporated as a town/city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed, and interval quickly in the mid-nineteenth century. Positioned along Lake Michigan, the town/city is an global hub for finance, commerce, industry, technology, telecommunications, and transportation: O'Hare International Airport is the second-busiest airport in the world when calculated by airplane traffic; the region also has the biggest number of U.S. Highways and rail road freight. In 2012, Chicago was listed as an alpha global town/city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranked seventh in the world in the 2016 Global Cities Index. Chicago has the third-largest gross urbane product in the United States about $640 billion as stated to 2015 estimates. The town/city has one of the world's biggest and most diversified economies with no single trade employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and global visitors, a new record making it one of the top visited metros/cities in the nation. Landmarks in the town/city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis (Sears) Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicago's culture includes the visual arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy, and music, especially jazz, blues, soul, hip hop, gospel and home music. There are many universities and universities in the Chicago area; among these, Northwestern University, University of Chicago, and the University of Illinois at Chicago are classified as "highest research" doctoral universities. Chicago also has experienced sports squads in each of the primary experienced leagues. Further information: History of Chicago and Origin of Chicago's "Windy City" nickname The name "Chicago" is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current town/city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by Robert de La - Salle around 1679 in a memoir. Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called "chicagoua", interval abundantly in the area. According to his diary of late September 1687: In the mid-18th century, the region was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, who had taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox citizens s. The first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. In 1795, following the Northwest Indian War, an region that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the United States for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville. File:Corner Madison and State streets, Chicago -.webm On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a populace of about 200. Within seven years it interval to more than 4,000 citizens . The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837 and for a several decades was the world's quickest burgeoning city. As the site of the Chicago Portage, the town/city became an meaningful transportation core between the easterly and United States. Chicago's first stockyards , Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened in 1848. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, western the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade (established 1848) listed the first ever influencing 'exchange interchanged' forward contracts, which were called futures contracts. In the 1850s, Chicago attained national political eminence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas, the champion of the Kansas Nebraska Act and the "popular sovereignty" approach to the copy of the spread of slavery. These issues also helped subjugation another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the nationwide stage. Lincoln was impel in Chicago for US President at the 1860 Republican National Convention. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council allowed Chesbrough's plan to build the United States' first elected sewerage system. The universal raised much of central Chicago to a new grade. While rank Chicago, and at first grade the city's health, the improving sewage and industrialized waste now flowed into the Chicago River, then into Lake Michigan, unrefined the city's major contaminating source. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so the water flowed away from Lake Michigan clean water into it. This universal began with the assembly and enhancement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was instead of with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that joins to the Illinois River, which flows into the Mississippi River. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire finished an region of about 4 miles long and 1 mile wide, a large section of the town/city at the time. Much of the city, including barns s and stockyards, railwayintact, and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more undivided constructions of steel and stone. These set a rock for around the world construction. During its stone period, Chicago constructed the world's first high-rise building in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction. The town/city interval decidedly in size and populace by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the biggest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the Hyde Park Township, which now comprises most of the South Side of Chicago and the far southeast of Chicago, and the Jefferson Township, which now makes up most of Chicago's Northwest Side. The desire to join the town/city was driven by municipal services the town/city could furnish its residents. Chicago's expand economy thriving huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States. Concern for civil enigma among Chicago's immigrant poor led Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr to found Hull House in 1889. Programs advanced there became a model for the new field of civil work. During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained nationwide create as the prestige in the boss to advancement public health. The chief promote for grade public community in Chicago was Dr. Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park fitness in 1866. He created Lincoln Park by method a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. In the 19th century, Chicago became the nation's barns center, and by 1910 over 20 barns s directed passenger service out of six different downtown terminals. In 1883, Chicago's stockyards supervisors needed a general time convention, so they advanced the influencing system of North American time zones. This fitness for telling time spread throughout the continent. In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at the present locale of Jackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history. The University of Chicago, formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side locale in 1892. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance, a strip of park territory that still runs through the University of Chicago ground and joins the Washington and Jackson Parks. Between 1910 and 1930, the black population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903. This Great Migration had an immense cultural impact, called the Chicago Black Renaissance, part of the New Negro Movement, in art, literature, and music. Continuing ethnic tensions and violence, such as the Chicago Race Riot of 1919, also occurred. The 1920s saw gangsters, including Al Capone, Dion O'Banion, Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago amid the Prohibition era. Chicago was the locale of the continuing St. In 1924, Chicago was the first American town/city to have a homosexual-rights organization, the Society for Human Rights. In 1933 and 1934, the town/city jubilated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress International Exposition Worlds Fair. The infamous of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. The cab companies hired strike breakers, and the cab drivers union hired "sluggers" who raged through the downtown Chicago region looking for cabs and drivers not participating in the strike. On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. Two years later, the town/city hosted the theme 1968 Democratic National Convention, which featured physical tumultuous s both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and antagonisms being beaten by police. Major assembly projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower, which in 1974 became the world's tallest building), University of Illinois at Chicago, Mc - Cormick Place, and O'Hare International Airport, were undertaken amid Richard J. She helped reduce crime in the Cabrini-Green housing universal and led Chicago's school fitness out of a financial crisis. In 1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of the town/city of Chicago. He was re propel in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after. Washington was succeeded by 6th ward Alderman Eugene Sawyer, who was propel by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election. Chicago horizon April 18, 2009, from Northerly Island looking northwest. The Chicago River, with the Near North Side and Streeterville on the right, the Chicago Loop, Lakeshore East, and Illinois Center on the left, and Trump Tower at the jog in the river in the center. Chicago July 10, 2012, from John Hancock Center looking south. Chicago horizon at dusk, from North Avenue Beach looking south. Chicago is positioned in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of Lake Michigan. It is the principal town/city in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, situated in the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region. Chicago rests on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds. The town/city lies beside huge contaminating Lake Michigan, and two rivers the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industrialized far South Side flow entirely or partially through Chicago. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its adjacency to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect, moderating Chicago's climate; making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. When Chicago was established in 1833, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's initial 58 blocks. The overall undertaking of the city's central, built-up areas, is mostly consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The Chicago Loop is the central company district, but Chicago is also a town/city of neighborhoods. Lake Shore Drive runs adjoining to a large portion of Chicago's lakefront. An informal name for the entire Chicago urbane region is "Chicagoland". The Chicago Tribune, which coined the term, includes the town/city of Chicago, the rest of Cook County, eight close-by Illinois counties: Lake, Mc - Henry, Du - Page, Kane, Kendall, Grundy, Will and Kankakee, and three counties in Indiana: Lake, Porter and La - Porte. The Illinois Department of Tourism defines Chicagoland as Cook County without the town/city of Chicago, and only Lake, Du - Page, Kane and Will counties. The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce defines it as all of Cook and Du - Page, Kane, Lake, Mc - Henry and Will counties. See also: Community areas in Chicago and Neighborhoods in Chicago Community areas of the City of Chicago. Major sections of the town/city include the central company district, called The Loop, and the North, the South, and West Sides. The three sides of the town/city are represented on the Flag of Chicago by three horizontal white stripes. The North Side is the most densely populated residentiary section of the city, and many high-rises are positioned on this side of the town/city along the lakefront. The South Side is the biggest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's territory area. The South Side contains the University of Chicago and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago. In the late 1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the town/city into 77 distinct improve areas, which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally defined neighborhoods. Chicago's streets were laid out in a street grid that interval from the city's initial townsite plat, which was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, North Avenue on the north, Wood Street on the west, and 22nd Street on the south. Streets following the Public Land Survey System section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. In 2016, Chicago was ranked the sixth-most walkable large town/city in the United States. Many of the city's residentiary streets have a wide patch of grass and/or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself. Chicago's Western Avenue is the longest continuous urban street in the world. Other famous streets include Michigan Avenue, State Street, Clark Street, and Belmont Avenue. The City Beautiful boss inspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways. Further information: Architecture of Chicago, List of tallest buildings in Chicago, and List of Chicago Landmarks The Chicago Building (1904 05) is a prime example of the Chicago School, displaying both variations of the Chicago window. The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the biggest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the first steel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the town/city as Chicago ushered in the high-rise building era, which would then be followed by many other metros/cities around the world. Today, Chicago's horizon is among the world's tallest and most dense. Some of the United States' tallest towers are positioned in Chicago; Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in the Western Hemisphere after One World Trade Center, and Trump International Hotel and Tower is the third tallest in the country. The Loop's historic buildings include the Chicago Board of Trade Building, the Fine Arts Building, 35 East Wacker, and the Chicago Building, 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments by Mies van der Rohe. The Merchandise Mart, once first on the list of biggest buildings in the world, presently listed as 44th-largest (as of September 9, 2013), had its own zip code until 2008, and stands near the junction of the North and South chapters of the Chicago River. Presently, the four tallest buildings in the town/city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code), Trump International Hotel and Tower, the Aon Center (previously the Standard Oil Building), and the John Hancock Center. Industrial districts, such as some areas on the South Side, the areas along the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and the Northwest Indiana region are clustered. Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the Prairie School, two movements in architecture. Multiple kinds and scales of homes, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Chicago is also a prominent center of the Polish Cathedral style of church architecture. The Chicago suburb of Oak Park was home to famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who had designed The Robie House positioned near the University of Chicago. Chicago is famous for its outside enhance art with donors establishing funding for such art as far back as Benjamin Ferguson's 1905 trust. A number of Chicago's enhance art works are by undivided figurative artists. Among these are Chagall's Four Seasons; the Chicago Picasso; Miro's Chicago; Calder's Flamingo; Oldenburg's Batcolumn; Moore's Large Interior Form, 1953-54, Man Enters the Cosmos and Nuclear Energy; Dubuffet's Monument with Standing Beast, Abakanowicz's Agora; and, Anish Kapoor's Cloud Gate which has turn into an icon of the city. There are preliminary plans to erect a 1:1 scale replica of Waclaw Szymanowski's Art Nouveau statue of Frederic Chopin found in Warsaw's Royal Baths along Chicago's lakefront in addition to a different sculpture commemorating the artist in Chopin Park for the 200th anniversary of Frederic Chopin's birth. According to the National Weather Service, Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 105 F (41 C) was recorded on July 24, 1934, although Midway Airport reached 109 F (43 C) one day before and recorded a heat index of 125 F (52 C) amid the 1995 heatwave. The lowest official temperature of 27 F ( 33 C) was recorded on January 20, 1985, at O'Hare Airport. The town/city can experience extreme winter cold waves and summer heat waves that may last for a several consecutive days. Thunderstorms are common amid the spring and summer months which may sometimes produce hail, high winds, and tornadoes. Like other primary cities, Chicago also experiences urban heat island, making the town/city and its suburbs milder than encircling rural areas, especially at evening and in winter. Also, the adjacency to Lake Michigan keeps lakefront Chicago cooler in early summer and milder in winter than areas to the west. During its first hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing metros/cities in the world. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth-largest town/city in the world, and the biggest of the metros/cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the populace went from about 300,000 to over 3 million, and reached its highest ever recorded populace of 3.6 million for the 1950 census. From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including Italians, Jews, Poles, Lithuanians, Serbs and Czechs. To these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrialized working class, were added an additional influx of African-Americans from the American South with Chicago's black populace doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930. In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago were clustered in a so called "Black Belt" on the city's South Side. By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's black population lived in sections of the town/city which were 90% black in ethnic composition. Chicago's South Side emerged as America's second-largest urban black concentration, following New York's Harlem. Chicago's populace declined sharply in the latter half of the 20th century, from over 3.6 million in 1960 down to under 2.7 million by 2010. Since 2010, Chicago's populace has rebounded adding nearly 25,000 citizens in the most recent 2015 populace estimates. Map of ethnic distribution in Chicago, 2010 U.S. More than half the populace of the state of Illinois lives in the Chicago urbane area. Chicago is one of the United States' most densely populated primary cities, and the biggest city in the Great Lakes Megalopolis. Chicago has a Hispanic or Latino populace of 28.9%. Chicago has the third-largest LGBT populace in the United States. According to the 2008 2012 American Community Survey, the ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were: Chicago is the command posts of a several theological denominations, including the Evangelical Covenant Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The first two Parliament of the World's Religions in 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago. Many global theological leaders have visited Chicago, including Mother Teresa, the Dalai Lama, and Pope John Paul II in 1979. See also: List of companies in the Chicago urbane region Chicago has the third-largest gross urbane product in the United States about $630.3 billion as stated to 2014 2016 estimates. The town/city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification. In 2007, Chicago was titled the fourth-most meaningful company center in the world in the Master - Card Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index. Additionally, the Chicago urbane region recorded the greatest number of new or period corporate facilities in the United States for calendar year 2014. The Chicago urbane region has the third-largest science and engineering work force of any urbane region in the nation. In 2009 Chicago placed 9th on the UBS list of the world's richest cities. Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists John Crerar, John Whitfield Bunn, Richard Teller Crane, Marshall Field, John Farwell, Julius Rosenwald and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry. Chicago is a primary world financial center, with the second-largest central company precinct in the United States. The town/city is the command posts of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). The town/city has primary financial and futures exchanges, including the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the "Merc"), which is owned, along with the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) by Chicago's CME Group. (COMEX) and the Dow Jones Indexes. Perhaps due to the influence of the Chicago school of economics, the town/city also has markets trading unusual contracts such as emissions (on the Chicago Climate Exchange) and equity style indices (on the U.S. The town/city and its encircling urbane region contain the third-largest workforce pool in the United States with about 4.48 million workers, as of 2014. In addition, the state of Illinois is home to 66 Fortune 1000 companies, including those in Chicago. The town/city of Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The town/city claims one Dow 30 company: aerospace enormous Boeing, which moved its command posts from Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001. Two more Dow 30 companies, Kraft Foods and Mc - Donald's are in the Chicago suburbs, as are Sears Holdings Corporation and the technology spin-offs of Motorola. The command posts of United Continental Holdings, are in the United Building and its operations center and its United Airlines subsidiary are in the Willis Tower in Chicago. In June 2016, Mc - Donald's confirmed plans to move its global command posts to Chicago's West Loop neighborhood by early 2018. Caterpillar Inc., of Peoria, will move its global headquarters, with about 300 executives and staff and support personnel, to an undetermined locale in Chicago or the encircling cities; the move will begin at some point in 2017 and conclude by the end of 2018. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, including Baxter International, Boeing, Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare division of General Electric. In addition to Boeing, which positioned its command posts in Chicago in 2001, and United Airlines in 2011, GE Transportation moved its offices to the town/city in 2013 and GE Healthcare moved its HQ to the town/city in 2016, as did Thyssen - Krupp North America, and agriculture enormous Archer Daniels Midland. Moreover, the assembly of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which helped move goods from the Great Lakes south on the Mississippi River, and of the barns s in the 19th century made the town/city a primary transportation center in the United States. In the 1840s, Chicago became a primary grain port, and in the 1850s and 1860s Chicago's pork and beef trade expanded. Although the meatpacking trade presently plays a lesser part in the city's economy, Chicago continues to be a primary transportation and distribution center. Lured by a combination of large company customers, federal research dollars, and a large hiring pool fed by the area's universities, Chicago is also the site of a burgeoning number of web startup companies like Career - Builder, Orbitz, 37signals, Groupon, Feedburner, and Now - Secure. Today the Chicago urbane region is the command posts of a several retailers, including Walgreens, Sears, Ace Hardware, Claire's, ULTA Beauty and Crate & Barrel. Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, with the Western Wheel Company, which introduced stamping to the manufacturing process and decidedly reduced costs, while early in the 20th century, the town/city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the Brass Era car builder Bugmobile, which was established there in 1907. Chicago was also the site of the Schwinn Bicycle Company. Chicago is a primary world convention destination. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the biggest meeting hall in the country and third-largest in the world. Chicago also rates third in the U.S. Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the country and will incrementally reach $13 per hour by 2019. Further information: Culture of Chicago, List of citizens from Chicago, and List of exhibitions and cultural establishments in Chicago The National Hellenic Museum in Greektown is one of a several ethnic exhibitions comprising the Chicago Cultural Alliance. Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental and commercial establishments and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's high-rise buildings. Many of the city's financial establishments, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are positioned inside a section of downtown called "The Loop", which is an eight-block by five-block region of town/city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. These areas contribute famous high-rise buildings, abundant restaurants, shopping, exhibitions, a stadium for the Chicago Bears, convention facilities, parkland, and beaches. Each year in June, Boystown hosts the Chicago Pride Parade, one of the world's biggest with over 1,000,000 citizens in attendance. It also contains the University of Chicago (U of C), ranked one of the world's top ten universities; and the Museum of Science and Industry. Two of the city's biggest parks are also positioned on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned exhibition; and slightly west sits Washington Park. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called the Midway Plaisance, running adjoining to the University of Chicago. Ford Motor Company has an automobile assembly plant on the South Side in Hegewisch, and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side. The Near West Side holds the University of Illinois at Chicago and was once home to Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Studios. See also: Theater in Chicago, Visual arts of Chicago, and Music of Chicago Renowned Chicago theater companies include the Goodman Theatre in the Loop; the Steppenwolf Theatre Company and Victory Gardens Theater in Lincoln Park; and the Chicago Shakespeare Theater at Navy Pier. Broadway In Chicago offers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: the Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre, Bank of America Theatre, Cadillac Palace Theatre, Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University, and Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place. Polish language productions for Chicago's large Polish speaking populace can be seen at the historic Gateway Theatre in Jefferson Park. Since 1968, the Joseph Jefferson Awards are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater improve spawned undivided improvisational theater, and includes the prominent groups The Second City and I.O. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) performs at Symphony Center, and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world. Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. The Joffrey Ballet and Chicago Festival Ballet perform in various venues, including the Harris Theater in Millennium Park. Chicago has a several other intact and jazz dance troupes, such as the Hubbard Street Dance Chicago and Chicago Dance Crash. Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural tradition include Chicago blues, Chicago soul, jazz, and gospel. In the 1980s and 90s, the town/city was the global center for home and industrialized music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being prominent for alternative rock, punk, and new wave. A 2007 report on the Chicago music trade by the University of Chicago Cultural Policy Center ranked Chicago third among urbane U.S. These include the Chicago Picasso, Miro's Chicago, Flamingo and Flying Dragon by Alexander Calder, Agora by Magdalena Abakanowicz, Monument with Standing Beast by Jean Dubuffet, Batcolumn by Claes Oldenburg, Cloud Gate by Anish Kapoor, Crown Fountain by Jaume Plensa, and the Four Seasons mosaic by Marc Chagall. Chicago also has a nationally televised Thanksgiving parade that occurs annually. Ferries offer sightseeing tours and water-taxi transit along the Chicago River and Lake Michigan. In 2014, Chicago thriving 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic company travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors. These visitors contributed more than US$13.7 billion to Chicago's economy. Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Chicago the fourth-most walkable of fifty biggest cities in the United States. Most conventions are held at Mc - Cormick Place, just south of Soldier Field. The historic Chicago Cultural Center (1897), originally serving as the Chicago Public Library, now homes the city's Visitor Information Center, arcades and exhibit halls. Grant Park holds Millennium Park, Buckingham Fountain (1927), and the Art Institute of Chicago. The park also hosts the annual Taste of Chicago festival. Behind the pavilion's stage is the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, an indoor venue for mid-sized performing arts companies, including the Chicago Opera Theater and Music of the Baroque. The new DW60 will be the first in the United States and will be the sixth tallest in the U.S. Chicago was the first town/city in the world to ever erect a ferris wheel. On June 4, 1998, the town/city officially opened the Museum Campus, a 10-acre (4.0 ha) lakefront park, encircling three of the city's chief exhibitions, each of which is of nationwide importance: the Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, the Field Museum of Natural History, and the Shedd Aquarium. The Museum Campus joins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the famous Art Institute of Chicago. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute has an extensive compilation of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts. Other exhibitions and arcades in Chicago include the Chicago History Museum, the Driehaus Museum, the Du - Sable Museum of African American History, the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum, the Polish Museum of America, the Museum of Broadcast Communications, the Pritzker Military Library, the Chicago Architecture Foundation, and the Museum of Science and Industry. With an estimated culmination date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be homed at the University of Chicago in Hyde Park and include both the Obama presidential library and bureaus of the Obama Foundation. The Willis Tower has an observation deck open to tourists year round with high up views overlooking Chicago and Lake Michigan. In 2013, Chicago was chosen as one of the "Top Ten Cities in the United States" to visit for its restaurants, high-rise buildings, exhibitions, and waterfront, by the readers of Conde Nast Traveler. See also: Culture of Chicago Food and drink, and Chicago farmers' markets Chicago lays claim to a large number of county-wide specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. There is also the mother-in-law, a tamale topped with chili and served on a hot dog bun. The tradition of serving the Greek dish, saganaki while aflame, has its origins in Chicago's Greek community. The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused with Metaxa and flambeed table-side. Two of the world's most decorated restaurants and also receiving the Michelin Guide 3 Star Award, Alinea and Grace are both positioned in Chicago. In addition, a number of well-known chefs have had restaurants in Chicago, including Charlie Trotter, Rick Tramonto, Grant Achatz, and Rick Bayless. Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition of civil realism. In the Encyclopedia of Chicago, Northwestern University Professor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to "capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its citizens ". Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of "high-flown romance" and "genteel realism", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago. Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked difficult to problematic a literary tradition that would stand the test of time, and problematic a "city of feeling" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie. Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the town/city itself, with civil criticism keeping exultation in check. At least, three short periods in the history of Chicago have had a lasting influence on American Literature. These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the reconstructionof the Great Depression through the 1940s. Sporting News titled Chicago the "Best Sports City" in the United States in 1993, 2006, and 2010. Along with Boston, Chicago is the only town/city to continuously host primary experienced sports since 1871, having only taken 1872 and 1873 off due to the Great Chicago Fire. Additionally, Chicago is one of the six metros/cities in the United States to have won championships in the four primary experienced leagues and, along with New York and Los Angeles, is one of three metros/cities to have won soccer championships as well. The town/city has two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams: the Chicago Cubs of the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and the Chicago White Sox of the American League play in Guaranteed Rate Field on the South Side. Chicago is the only town/city that has had more than one MLB charter every year since the AL began in 1901 (New York hosted only one between 1958 and early 1962). The Cubs are the earliest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city; they have played in Chicago since 1871, and continuously so since 1874 due to the Great Chicago Fire. The Chicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of the National Football League (NFL), have won nine NFL Championships, including the 1985 Super Bowl XX. The other remaining charter franchise, the Chicago Cardinals, also started out in the city, but is now known as the Arizona Cardinals. Chicago Half Marathon on Lake Shore Drive on the South Side. The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball squads in the world. During the 1990s, with Michael Jordan dominant them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons. They also boast the youngest player to win the NBA Most Valuable Player Award, Derrick Rose, who won it for the 2010 11 season. The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the "Original Six" squads of the NHL. Chicago Bears NFL Football Soldier Field 62,358 1919 9 Championships (1 Super Bowl) Chicago Cubs MLB Baseball Wrigley Field 42,495 1870 3 World Series Chicago White Sox MLB Baseball Guaranteed Rate Field 40,615 1900 3 World Series Chicago Blackhawks NHL Ice hockey United Center 21,775 1926 6 Stanley Cups Chicago Bulls NBA Basketball United Center 21,716 1966 6 NBA Championships Chicago Fire MLS Soccer Toyota Park 16,409 1997 1 MLS Cup, 1 Supporters Shield The Chicago Fire Soccer Club is a member of Major League Soccer (MLS) and plays at Toyota Park in suburban Bridgeview, after playing its first eight seasons at Soldier Field. The Chicago Sky is a experienced basketball team based in Rosemont, Illinois, playing in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). The Chicago Marathon is one of six World Marathon Majors. Five region colleges play in Division I conferences: two from primary conferences the De - Paul Blue Demons (Big East Conference) and the Northwestern Wildcats (Big Ten Conference) and three from other D1 conferences the Chicago State Cougars (Western Athletic Conference); the Loyola Ramblers (Missouri Valley Conference); and the UIC Flames (Horizon League). Main articles: Parks in Chicago, Chicago Boulevard System, and Cook County Forest Preserves When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto Urbs in Horto, a Latin phrase which means "City in a Garden". Today, the Chicago Park District consists of more than 570 parks with over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) of municipal parkland. There are 31 sand beaches, a plethora of exhibitions, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas. Lincoln Park, the biggest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors after Central Park in New York City, and the National Mall and Memorial Parks in Washington, D.C. There is an historic boulevard system, a network of wide, tree-lined boulevards which connect a number of Chicago parks. The boulevards and the parks were authorized by the Illinois council in 1869. A number of Chicago neighborhoods emerged along these roadways in the 19th century. The building of the boulevard fitness continued intermittently until 1942. With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's biggest municipal harbor system. In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown, Du - Sable Park on the Near North Side, and most prominently, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's earliest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop. The richness of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the Cook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces including forest, prairie, wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts, including both the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe and the Brookfield Zoo in Brookfield. Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha). The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago. The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative chapters. The Chicago Police Department provides law enforcement and the Chicago Fire Department provides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the town/city and its residents. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and workforce organizations. For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the biggest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been "solid blue" in presidential elections since 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The strength of the party in the town/city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent non-urban and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's enhance school funding. Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but 8 of Illinois' 19 U.S. Machine politics persisted in Chicago after the diminish of similar machines in other large U.S. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic major vote held in the spring is generally more momentous than the general elections in November for U.S. Formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a US Senator, the town/city is home of former United States President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama. The Obama's residence is positioned near the University of Chicago in Kenwood on the city's south side. Main articles: Crime in Chicago and Timeline of organized crime in Chicago Chicago had a murder rate of 18.5 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2012, ranking 16th among metros/cities with 100,000 citizens or more. This was higher than in New York City and Los Angeles, the two biggest cities in the United States, which have lower murder rates and lower total homicides. Chicago had more homicides than any other town/city in 2015, as stated to the Chicago Tribune. In its annual crime statistics for 2016, the Chicago Police Department reported that the town/city experienced a dramatic rise in gun violence, with 4,331 shooting victims. According to reports in 2013, "most of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories", and is specifically related to the activities of the Sinaloa Cartel, which by 2006 had decided to seek to control illicit drug distribution, against small-town street gangs. Violent crime rates vary decidedly by region of the city, with more economically advanced areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime. In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 citizens ; the murder rate was 10.4 while high crime districts saw 38.9, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000. The number of murders in Chicago peaked at 970 in 1974, when the city's populace was over 3 million citizens (a murder rate of about 29 per 100,000), and it reached 943 murders in 1992, (a murder rate of 34 per 100,000). However, Chicago, like other primary U.S. Chicago's homicide tally remained low amid 2005 (449), 2006 (452), and 2007 (435) but rose to 510 in 2008, breaking 500 for the first time since 2003. In 2009, the murder count fell to 458 (10% down). and in 2010 Chicago's murder rate fell to 435 (16.14 per 100,000), a 5% decline from 2009 and lowest levels since 1965. In 2011, Chicago's murders fell another 1.2% to 431 (a rate of 15.94 per 100,000). but shot up to 506 in 2012. In 2012, Chicago ranked 21st in the United States in numbers of homicides per person, but in the first half of 2013 there was a momentous drop per-person, in all categories of violent crime, including homicide (down 26%). Chicago ended 2013 with 415 murders, the lowest number of murders since 1965, and overall crime rates dropped by 16 percent. (In 1965, there were 397 murders.) Jens Ludwig, director of the University of Chicago Crime Lab, estimated that shootings cost the town/city of Chicago $2.5 billion in 2012. In 2014, the Chicago police department reported a total murder count of 390 through December 20, 2014, as stated to the Chicago Sun-Times. Main article: Chicago Public Schools Chicago Public Schools (CPS) is the governing body of the school precinct that contains over 600 enhance elementary and high schools citywide, including a several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools, designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors and Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Northside College Preparatory High School is ranked number one in the town/city of Chicago and the state of Illinois. Walter Payton College Prep High School is ranked second, Jones College Prep is third, and the earliest magnet school in the city, Whitney M. Young Magnet High School, which was opened in 1975, is ranked fourth. The magnet school with the biggest enrollment is Lane Technical College Prep High School. Lane is one of the earliest schools in Chicago and in 2012 was designated a National Blue Ribbon School by the U.S. Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests. The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013 2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S. On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources and other issues. According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's "choice system", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of enhance high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools). Chicago has a network of Lutheran schools, and a several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as the Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Ridge. Several private schools are completely secular, such as the Latin School of Chicago in the Near North Side neighborhood, the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools in Hyde Park, the British School of Chicago and the Francis W. Parker School in Lincoln Park, the Lycee Francais de Chicago in Uptown, the Feltre School in River North and the Morgan Park Academy. There are also the private Chicago Academy for the Arts, a high school concentrated on six different categories of the arts and the enhance Chicago High School for the Arts, a high school concentrated on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates Catholic schools, that include Jesuit preliminary schools and the rest including St. The Chicago Public Library fitness operates 79 enhance libraries, including the central library, two county-wide libraries, and various chapters distributed throughout the city. For a more elected list, see List of universities and universities in Chicago. The University of Chicago, as seen from the Midway Plaisance Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of college studies and research with a several universities that are in the town/city proper or in the immediate environs. Top universities in Chicago are: the University of Chicago; Illinois Institute of Technology; Northwestern University; Loyola University Chicago; De - Paul University and University of Illinois at Chicago. Other notable schools include: Chicago State University; the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, the Illinois Institute of Art Chicago; East West University; National Louis University; North Park University; Northeastern Illinois University; Columbia College Chicago; Robert Morris University Illinois; Roosevelt University; Saint Xavier University; Rush University; and Shimer College. William Rainey Harper, the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of the junior college concept, establishing close-by Joliet Junior College as the first in the country in 1901. His impact continues with the multiple improve universities in the Chicago proper, including the seven City Colleges of Chicago: Richard J. Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate establishments, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as the Adler School of Professional Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, the Erikson Institute, The Institute for Clinical Social Work, the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, the Catholic Theological Union, the Moody Bible Institute, the John Marshall Law School and the University of Chicago Divinity School. Further information: Media in Chicago, List of fiction set in Chicago, and Chicago International Film Festival The Chicago urbane region is the third-largest media market in North America, after New York City and Los Angeles. Each of the big four U.S. Television networks, CBS, ABC, NBC and Fox, directly owns and operates a high-definition tv station in Chicago (WBBM 2, WLS 7, WMAQ 5 and WFLD 32, in the order given). Chicago Public Radio produces programs such as PRI's This American Life and NPR's Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me! Two primary daily newspapers are presented in Chicago: the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times, with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also a several county-wide and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such as Chicago, the Dziennik Zwiazkowy (Polish Daily News), Draugas (the Lithuanian daily newspaper), the Chicago Reader, the Southtown - Star, the Chicago Defender, the Daily Herald, Newcity, Street - Wise and the Windy City Times. The entertainment and cultural periodical Time Out Chicago and GRAB periodical are also presented in the city, as well as small-town music periodical Chicago Innerview. In addition, Chicago is the recent home of satirical nationwide news outlet, The Onion, as well as its sister pop-culture publication, The A.V. Chicago has also been the setting for many prominent television shows, including the situation comedies Perfect Strangers and its spinoff Family Matters, Punky Brewster, Married... The town/city served as the venue for the medical dramas ER and Chicago Hope, as well as the fantasy drama series Early Edition and the 2005 2009 drama Prison Break. Discovery Channel films two shows in Chicago: Cook County Jail and the Chicago version of Cash Cab. Chicago is presently the setting for CBS's The Good Wife and Mike and Molly, Showtime's Shameless, and NBC's Chicago Fire, Chicago P.D. Chicago is also home to a number of nationwide radio shows, including Beyond the Beltway with Bruce Du - Mont on Sunday evenings. Chicago is also featured in a several video games, including Watch Dogs and Midtown Madness, a real-life, car-driving simulation game. In 2005, indie modern artist Sufjan Stevens created a concept album about Illinois titled Illinois; many of its music were about Chicago and its history. Chicago is a primary transportation core in the United States. Chicago Union Station, opened in 1925, is the third-busiest passenger rail terminal in the United States The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) handles enhance transit in the City of Chicago and a several adjoining suburbs outside of the Chicago town/city limits. Both the Red and Blue lines offer 24 hour service which makes Chicago one of a handful of metros/cities around the world (and one of two in the United States, the other being New York City) to offer rail service 24 hours a day, every day of the year, inside the city's limits. Metra, the nation's second-most used passenger county-wide rail network, operates an 11-line commuter rail service in Chicago and throughout the Chicago suburbs. The Metra Electric Line shares its trackage with Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District's South Shore Line, which provides commuter service between South Bend and Chicago. Greyhound Lines provides inter-city bus service to and from the city, and Chicago is also the core for the Midwest network of Megabus (North America). Chicago is one of the biggest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via the Chicago New York Electric Air Line Railroad. Chicago's Department of Transportation oversees operation of Divvy, North America's biggest bicycle-sharing fitness (by geography), allowing inhabitants and visitors the ability to check out enhance bikes from any of hundreds of automated stations positioned over a large region of the city, take them for short rides, and return them to any station of their choosing. Divvy was initially launched in 2013 with 750 bikes and 75 docking stations and has since period to 5,800 bikes and 580 stations as of December 2016. Chicago is the biggest hub in the barns industry. Six of the seven Class I barns s meet in Chicago, with the exception being the Kansas City Southern Railway. As of 2002, harsh freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the nation (about 2 days). According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040. CREATE, the Chicago Region Environmental and Transport Efficiency program, comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to decidedly advancement the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area. Chicago is served by O'Hare International Airport, the world's second-busiest airport calculated by airline operations, on the far Northwest Side, and Midway International Airport on the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by airplane movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic (due to government enforced flight caps). Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and directed by the City of Chicago. Gary/Chicago International Airport and Chicago Rockford International Airport, positioned in Gary, Indiana and Rockford, Illinois, in the order given, can serve as alternate Chicago region airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards building an entirely new airport in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago. The City of Chicago is the world command posts for United Airlines, the world's third-largest airline. The Port of Chicago consists of a several major port facilities inside the town/city of Chicago directed by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). 22, which extends 60 miles (97 km) from Chicago's town/city limits. From 1995 to 2008, the town/city had a blue bag program to divert recyclable refuse from landfills. Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the town/city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. It includes Rush University Medical Center, ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago urbane region by U.S. News & World Report for 2014 15, the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, and John H. Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, including Northwestern Memorial Hospital and the University of Chicago Medical Center. The Chicago ground of Northwestern University includes the Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago urbane region by U.S. News & World Report for 2010 11; the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, which is ranked the best U.S. In addition, the Chicago Medical School and Loyola University Chicago's Stritch School of Medicine are positioned in the suburbs of North Chicago and Maywood, in the order given. The Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is in Downers Grove. The American Medical Association, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education, American Osteopathic Association, American Dental Association, Academy of General Dentistry, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, American College of Surgeons, American Society for Clinical Pathology, American College of Healthcare Executives, the American Hospital Association and Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association are all based in Chicago. Chicago has 28 sister metros/cities around the world. Like Chicago, many of them are or were the second-most crowded city or second-most influential town/city of their country, or they are the chief city of a nation that has had large amounts of immigrants settle in Chicago. To jubilate the sister cities, Chicago hosts a annual festival in Daley Plaza, which features cultural acts and food tastings from the other cities. In addition, the Chicago Sister Cities program hosts a number of delegation and formal exchanges. In some cases, these exchanges have led to further informal collaborations, such as the academic relationship between the Buehler Center on Aging, Health & Society at the Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University and the Institute of Gerontology of Ukraine (originally of the Soviet Union), that was originally established as part of the Chicago-Kiev sister metros/cities program. National Register of Historic Places listings in Central Chicago National Register of Historic Places listings in North Side Chicago National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side Chicago Official records for Chicago were kept at various locations in downtown from January 1871 to 31 December 1925, University of Chicago from 1 January 1926 to 30 June 1942, Midway Airport from 1 July 1942 to 16 January 1980, and at O'Hare Airport since 17 January 1980. "Chicago Economy". World Business Chicago. "Chicago welcomed a record number of tourists in 2016". A City Called Heaven: Chicago and the Birth of Gospel Music. Chicago: Chicago Historical Society. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press. The University of Chicago Press. "Timeline: Early Chicago History". Chicago: City of the Century. University of Chicago. "Chicago Daily Tribune, Thursday Morning, February 14". "Chicago: Population". "Chicago's Rich History". "Century of Progress World's Fair, 1933 1934 (University of Illinois at Chicago) : Home". "CP-1 (Chicago Pile 1 Reactor)". "Chicago and the Legacy of the Daley Dynasty". "News: Rahm Emanuel wins Chicago mayoral race". "Chicago Facts" (PDF). "Chicago Tribune Classifieds map of Chicagoland". Chicago Public Library. "Lakeview (Chicago, Illinois)". "CPS Teacher Housing: Chicago Communities". Chicago Public Schools. "List of Chicago Neighborhoods Chicago". "Chicago and its Neighborhoods". "Chicago neighborhoods on Walk Score". The University of Chicago Press. "Chicago School of Architecture". Chicago's Official Records. "Top 20 Weather Events of the Century for Chicago and Northeast Illinois 1900 1999". "A Study of Chicago's Significant Tornadoes". "Station Name: IL CHICAGO MIDWAY AP". "CHICAGO MIDWAY AP 3 SW, ILLINOIS". History of the Chicago and Rockford weather observation sites "Station Name: IL CHICAGO OHARE INTL AP". "Chicago city, Illinois". "Chicago Growth 1850 1990: Maps by Dennis Mc - Clendon". University Illinois Chicago. Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919 1939. "Chicago (city), Illinois". American Community Survey: Chicago town/city Archived May 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. "Selected Economic Characteristics: 2008 2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates: Chicago city, Illinois". "Community Facts: First Ancestry Reported, Chicago city, Illinois". "Moody's: Chicago's Economy Most Balanced in US (January 23, 2003)" (PDF). Accessed from World Business Chicago. "Chicago Area Employment" (PDF). "Caterpillar will move command posts to Chicago area, citing transit access". "City of Chicago :: City of Chicago Minimum Wage". "Chicago Demographics" (PDF). City of Chicago. "Chicago Symphony Tops U.S. "Chicago Music City: A Summary Report on the Music Industry in Chicago" (PDF). The Cultural Policy Center at the University of Chicago. "2014 Chicago Tourism Profile" (PDF). "Classic Chicago Hot Dog". "Recipe Detail: Chicago Style Hot Dog". "City of the big sandwiches: Four uncommon Chicago meals on a bun". "Robb Report Editors Name Chicago As Country's Finest Dining Destination". "Chicago Literary Renaissance". "Sweet home Chicago: Best Sports City 2010". Chicago, Illinois: Triumph Books. "Chicago's Derrick Rose Wins 2010 11 Kia NBA MVP Award". Chicago Park District. "Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District" map, City of Chicago. "Chicago's Park & Boulevard System" (PDF). University of Illinois at Chicago. "Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District", The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Chicago Park District. University of Illinois at Chicago. City of Chicago. "Chicago Government". City of Chicago. "Rahm Emanuel's performance as Chicago mayor". "Rahm Emanuel's performance as Chicago mayor". "Chicago's Murder Rate Double American Soldiers Killed in Iraq". "Police: Chicago Reports 415 Murders In 2013, Lowest Since 1965". "Chicago Public Schools : Selective enrollment". Chicago Public Schools. Chicago Public Schools. "Chicago teachers on strike". "Chicago High School for the Arts". "Chicago, Illinois Colleges and Universities". "Shakey Ground: Arts Magazines Find Chicago's Landscape Still Hostile To New Ventures". "Chicago Daily News II: This Time It's Digital". "The Onion jubilates controversial Chicago move with banjo playing, steak tartare". "City of Chicago :: TV Shows by Year". "Chicago's Divvy Bike Share Will be Third in U.S. "Chicago Welcomes Divvy Bike Sharing System". WBEZ91.5 Chicago Public Media. Chicago Public Media. "Best Hospitals in Chicago, IL US News Best Hospitals". "Chicago Sister Cities". Chicago Sister Cities International. 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